Land law afloat
03 July 2015
In this short article I have no time to discuss issues concerning boundaries with water, rights to the foreshore, to divert water, or the fascinating prospect of acquiring title by adverse possession to that piece of river bed on which, between tides, a barge rests at its mooring.[1] Instead I shall focus on just one matter relevant to those messing about in boats : rights of access.
A 2009 Early Day Motion[2] in the House of Commons by canoeing enthusiast John Grogan MP stated :
At common law a distinction was made between public rights of navigation over tidal and those over non-tidal rivers. A tidal river is regarded as being public in every respect, the obstruction to any part of the river being considered an obstruction to navigation.[3] With non-tidal rivers, the riparian owner also enjoys property rights to the river bed, right up to the midline. The owner of both sides controls the whole stretch of river bed, and therefore access to and along it. If a river doesn’t have a public right of navigation and consent has not been obtained from the riparian owner then it is a trespass to row, paddle or even wade in it. Furthermore, no right of navigation exists or can be created on a non-tidal river simply under the provisions of the Highways Act 1980, s.31.[4]
Some rivers, or non-tidal parts of rivers, such as the Thames in England and the Spey in Scotland, have been subject to public rights of navigation since time immemorial. In the case of the latter a clash between canoeists and the owners of valuable fishing rights reached the House of Lords,[5] where Lords Wilberforce and Hailsham considered with some relish cases on the right to float logs downstream, from Quebec (based on its pre-revolutionary French civil code) and New York State (based on English common law). Lord Hailsham observing that “what I have now held to be the law of Scotland happens to coincide with what I believe to be the law of England”, the House determined :
- that a public right of navigation in a non-tidal river depends not only upon the theoretical navigability of the river, but also on proof of its regular, habitual use as a channel of communication or transportation from time immemorial (customarily[6] 40 years);
- that a right of navigation is not a servitude and cannot be lost by non-use;
- that use for mere recreation is as effective to prove navigability as use for transporting goods or other commercial use;
- that no question arises as to whether the use is of sufficient public benefit;
- that the establishment of a right of navigation in a river is not subject to the same requirements as the constitution of a right of way on land, and in particular that a right of navigation need not be established between two public places;
- that the public right of navigation in the River Spey would permit navigation by any vessel that could be reasonably described as a boat, including a canoe.
In Rawson v Peters[7] the Court of Appeal held on the facts that a canoeist had no right without permission to navigate on a part of the River Wharfe in which fishing rights had been sold to an angling club, even though nobody was fishing at the time, but according to Halsbury’s Laws of England[8] Lord Denning MR (although he was not reported on this point) observed that there are many cases in which a canoeist has a right to navigate; the right may be acquired by long user or by grant or reservation, and if the canoeist has the right the owners of the fishing rights must allow the navigation and put up with the disturbance to the fishing.
The Court of Appeal has more recently confirmed[9] that, where common law navigation rights over the Thames had been extended by statutory ones but their exercise over a particular stretch of water had long fallen into disuse, the Act[10] did not restrict public rights of navigation which existed before its coming into force and could not confer any new right on a riparian owner to exclude any person from exercising such rights. However, where the actions of the navigation authority had led purchasers of a riverside estate to believe the waters were private these were sufficient to give rise to a legitimate expectation (albeit more limited in scope than the right to continue to enjoy the stretch of river as private which they contended for), and such an expectation relating to property could be a “possession”, the peaceful enjoyment of which was entitled to protection under article 1 of the First Protocol to the ECHR unless the interference by the authority with that possession was justified and proportionate.
Once acquired, a public right of navigation is not easily lost; and not by mere disuse. However, it can be lost through natural causes, such as an accumulation of mud rendering navigation impossible. If a river is obstructed in such manner this does not however give the public the right to cut another passage through adjoining lands, and when a navigable river has been obstructed for a long time and there is nothing to show how the obstruction came to be there, it may be presumed that the public right of navigation has ceased and the obstruction may not be removed.[11] However, the right is not lost if the river changes its course since it will be exercisable over the new channel.[12]
This is an extended and revised version of an article first published in the summer 2009 edition of Norfolk Law magazine. For further information on the topics in this article and to talk to Graham Sinclair, please get in touch with the clerking team at EA Law – East Anglian Chambers on 01473 214481.
Notes :
[1] Port of London Authority v Ashmore [2009] EWHC 954 (Ch); now [2010 EWCA Civ 30; [2010] 4 All ER 665
[2] EDM 1577, 2nd June 2009
[3] Williams v Wilcox (1838) 8 Ad & E 314; but see Moore v British Waterways Board [2013] EWCA Civ 73; [2013] Ch. 488
[4] A-G (ex rel Yorkshire Derwent Trust Ltd) v Brotherton [1992] 1 AC 425, [1992] 1 All ER 230
[5] Wills Trustees v Cairngorm Canoeing & Sailing School Ltd 1976 SC (HL) 30
[6] In Scotland only
[7] (1972) 225 Estates Gazette 89
[8] Vol 101 (2009), para 703, fn 8
[9] Rowland v Environment Agency [2003] EWCA Civ 1885; [2005] Ch. 1
[10] Thames Preservation Act 1885
[11] R v Montague (1825) 4 B & C 598 at 604–605 per Holroyd J
[12] Carlisle Corpn v Graham (1869) LR 4 Exch 361